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# Afrotechmods - Fun with electronics!

Straight to the point electronics tutorial videos with practical examples taught by a professional electronics engineer.

## Sitemaps

- [XML Sitemap](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website.

## Posts

- [What is an Oscilloscope? Oscilloscope tutorials for beginners](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/27/oscilloscope-tutorials/) - An oscilloscope is the most important piece of electronic test equipment you can buy after a multimeter. The first video shows you where you how to choose an oscilloscope. The second two videos show you how to use it.
- [Multimeter tutorial - How to use a multimeter](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/27/multimeter-tutorial/) - Everyone who knows anything about electricity will have heard of multimeters. They allow you to measure voltage, current, resistance and more. In this video I show you how to buy a multimeter and how to use it without killing yourself (always a plus). Update: The multimeter shown in the video is no longer available. Here
- [Function Generator Tutorial - What is a function generator / signal generator?](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/27/function-generator-tutorial/) - Function generators are handy gadgets that generate waveforms. You can use them to generate sine waves, square waves, triangle waves etc of varying frequencies. The video explains why this can be useful, and shows you where you can buy a function generator for cheap. Incidentally, this kit was my first function generator.
- [Capacitor replacement tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/capacitor-replacement-tutorial/) - You may have heard about infamous capacitor plague problem, where crappily manufactured capacitors died prematurely on people's motherboards. Even if the capacitor was properly made, they still only have a finite lifespan, typically 10,000-100,000 hours. After this, you need to replace the caps or replace the whole board. This video shows you what to do!
- [Voltage divider tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/voltage-divider-tutorial/) - You can use voltage dividers to generate reference voltages, control audio volume, power low powered devices from specific voltages and much more. This video shows you practical voltage divider design issues and shows you the relevant equations.
- [What is an op amp? Operational Amplifier tutorial & super spy microphone circuit](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/amplifier-tutorial-super-spy-microphone-circuit/) - Ever since the best decade of all time, the 1970s, people have been able to buy amplifiers in all-in-one chips rather than having to make them out of lots of discrete transistors. This video shows you the basics of op amps and has an example circuit where you build an amplifier to take a tiny
- [What is PWM? Pulse Width Modulation Tutorial in HD](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/pulse-width-modulation-pwm-tutorial/) - PWM circuits are fun. You can use them to dim LEDs, control the speed of fans and motors, control the power going to a thermoelectric cooler, or control the power going to pretty much anything you want. Just make sure that you don't exceed the maximum voltage rating of your device. The video explains it
- [Photoresistor tutorial and Laser tripwire circuit](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/photoresistor-tutorial-laser-tripwire-circuit/) - This video shows you what a photoresistor is, where to get one, and how to use one to turn a transistor on and off. You can then use the circuit to build a laser tripwire, just like in the movies! When the laser beam gets broken, you can toggle whatever you want.
- [What is an oscillator? Oscillator tutorial in HD!](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/oscillator-tutorial/) - Oscillators are a fundamental building block in electronics. You use them as part of generating radio waves, controlling the speed of digital processors, generating synth music and more. But to start out with you might just want to try blinking an LED on and off. This video will show you some basic square wave and
- [What is a Transformer? An Electrical Transformer Tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/electrical-transformer-tutorial/) - Afroman covers the basics of how transformers work, where to shop for step down mains transformers, and how to wire one up to mains voltages without killing yourself. European and North American wiring is discussed. He finishes up with a quick example of AC to DC conversion in an unregulated dual rail power supply. Remember
- [Diode tutorial and AC to DC conversion](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/diode-tutorial-and-ac-to-dc-conversion/) - This video covers the basics of diodes, bridge rectifiers, and how to build simple unregulated AC to DC power supplies than can handle a few mA up to several Amps. I recommend watching my transformer tutorial first if you are confused about where I am getting the AC voltages from. The voltage regulator tutorial is
- [Voltage regulator tutorial and USB gadget charger circuit](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/voltage-regulator-tutorial-and-usb-charger-circuit/) - This video covers the basics of linear voltage regulators - what they do, how to wire them up, and where to find them. Then I give a basic example of how to build a 5V supply that can be used to power USB powered gadgets. This video builds upon material covered in the transformer and
- [LM317 Adjustable Voltage Regulator Tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/lm317-adjustable-voltage-regulator/) - A tutorial on the LM317 voltage regulator. Shows you how to make a 1.25 to 25V adjustable voltage supply, or choose any other output voltage you want. An example of a fan speed controller is shown. This video builds on material covered in the fixed voltage regulator tutorial so you should check that out if
- [What is a low pass filter? Passive RC low pass filter tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/passive-rc-low-pass-filters/) - This video covers the basics of low pass filters - how they affect signals, and how to design your own. By the end of the video you'll know how to filter out high frequencies, which may prove useful when designing subwoofer crossovers etc. They are also handy for smoothing voltage ripple out too. You'll also
- [Passive RC high pass filters](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/passive-rc-high-pass-filters/) - This video builds upon the basics I covered with my low pass filter tutorial, so make sure you have seen that video first. This video shows you how high pass filters affect sine waves and square waves of different frequencies, and compares the bode plots of high and low pass filters. By the end of
- [Circuit simulation in LTSpice tutorials](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/circuit-simulation-in-ltspice-tutorials/) - Circuit simulation can save you a lot of grief when designing advanced circuits. Instead of building something then wondering why it doesn't work, a simulator can speed up the debugging process by letting you quickly change component values to see how the circuit responds. LTSpice IV is a freely available circuit simulation package from Linear
- [Inductor basics - What is an inductor?](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/introduction-to-inductors/) - This video covers the basics of inductors - how they work and what effects they have on electronic circuits. A quick low pass LC filter example is given.
- [Inductance basics](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/inductance-basics/) - This video covers what inductance is, the units (henries), and how inductance increases when a core material is used.
- [Passive RL low pass filter tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/passive-rl-low-pass-filter-tutorial/) - This video shows how you can use RL filters to filter out high frequency signals. An example audio crossover circuit for a woofer speaker is given.
- [Inductive spiking tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/inductive-spiking-tutorial/) - When switching inductive loads you have to put a diode in antiparallel with the load, else you risk blowing up your transistor due to inductive spiking. This video explains it all. Bonus: Here is an online circuit simulator that you can use to simulate inductive spiking behaviour.
- [Op amp comparator tutorial and clapper circuit](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/op-amp-comparator-tutorial-and-clapper-circuit/) - Comparators are a very handy circuit block that everyone should know. The basic idea is that you have a reference voltage, and as your input goes above or below that voltage, the output of the comparator goes high or low. In the video I give an example clapper circuit that toggles an LED on and
- [Peak detector circuit tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/peak-detector-circuit-tutorial/) - Peak detectors are used when you have a rapidly changing AC input signal, and you want to obtain the peak voltage the signal reaches. Peak detectors are really simple to make - just a diode and a capacitor in their simplest form. In the video I give an example where I use a peak detector
- [Amplitude Modulation tutorial & AM radio transmitter circuit](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/amplitude-modulation-tutorial-am-radio-transmitter-circuit/) - This video covers the history of the discovery of radio waves, to the creation of simple oscillator based radio transmitters. Then I explain what modulation and amplitude modulation are, and show you how to build a low powered AM radio transmitter out of a TL072 dual op amp IC.
- [4 wire (Kelvin) resistance measurement tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/4-wire-kelvin-resistance-measurement-tutorial/) - Most multimeters will allow you to measure resistances in the 1 ohm to megahohm range with a high degree of accuracy. But they are very inaccurate at measuring resistances in the milliohm range. The multimeter's cable and connector resistances may be more than the resistance you are trying to measure. This video will show you
- ["It's not the volts that kill you, it's the amps!"](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/its-not-the-volts-that-kill-you-its-the-amps/) - Afroman debunks the popular myth that it's not the volts that kill you, it's the amps. Basically, the volts directly determine the current flowing through your body, so the phrase is stupid and dangerously misleading.
- [Fun with ultracapacitors!](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/fun-with-ultracapacitors/) - So I recently got hold of some 2600F (no that is not a typo) ultracapacitors with an insanely low ESR of 0.7 milliohms, meaning they can discharge hundreds of amps even at low voltages. This video shows you some of the mayhem I got up to, and teaches some important capacitor formulas along the way.
- [The world's simplest hand cranked LED flashlight](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/the-worlds-simplest-hand-cranked-led-flashlight/) - This is a quick and easy hack - if you have an old inket or laser printer, it will have a stepper motor in it. By connecting an LED to the stepper motor, you can make a ghetto hand cranked flashlight.
- [Exploding electronic components in HD!](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/exploding-electronic-components/) - This is what happens when you connect things backwards with 30 Volts.
- [Transformers LED artwork](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/transformers-led-artwork/) - Here's a piece of Transformers related artwork that I made a few years ago. If you ever watched the 80s cartoon show, you may like it. The hardware is pretty simple - it's an array of LEDs in series, being PWM dimmed with a couple of transistors. An external 20V supply powers the whole thing.
- [Robotic cat toy](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/28/robotic-cat-toy/) - I made a robotic cat toy to keep my cat out of trouble. The project was built around the Axon microcontroller board and most of the effort was all in the software. The source code and project files are here, intended to be compiled with AVR Studio, AVR GCC and AVRlib. For more info about
- [How to Turn an Old UPS into an Alkaline Battery Charger!](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/how-to-turn-an-old-ups-into-an-alkaline-battery-charger/) - I recently lost my collection of electronic components, and was looking for a cheap source of parts I could use in my projects. It turns out that my old, broken uninterruptible power supply was a goldmine of useful components! Check out the video to see what I found inside. It turns out that I had
- [Green LED turns red!](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/green-led-turns-red/) - Normally rated for 20mA. When 100mA is flowing it turns from green to yellow. At 150mA, it slowly and permanently turns yellowy-orange. At 200+mA it permanently turns red and soon fails.
- [RAM "overclocking" failure](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/ram-overclocking-failure/) - I love the smell of DDR in the morning.
- [Blue 0603 LED under microscope](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/blue-0603-led-under-microscope/) - Random video. The colour changes a bit as the current gets turned up.
- [Resistor burning slowly](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/resistor-burning-slowly/) - Sped up by 3x to alleviate boredom.
- [RGB LED under microscope](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/rgb-led-under-microscope/) - Clear shots of all 3 dies in an RGB LED.
- [Basic Electricity - What is an amp?](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/basic-electricity-amps/) - The first part in a series of videos about the basics of electricity.
- [OWON SDS6062 oscilloscope review](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/owon-sds6062-oscilloscope-review/) - OWON SDS6062 oscilloscope review. Review sample provided by Saelig: http://www.saelig.com/category/PSBEB100.htm
- [Cosview MV200UM USB microscope review](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/cosview-mv200um-usb-microscope-review/) - Cosview MV200UM USB microscope review. Review sample provided by Saelig: http://www.saelig.com/product/VI021.htm Stand: http://www.saelig.com/product/VA004.htm
- [White LED under microscope](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/white-led-under-microscope/) - There are 3 dies on every white LED in this LED module.
- [Burning stuff with a camera flash](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/burning-stuff-with-a-camera-flash/) - My Canon 580EX 2 on full power is VERY bright. Bright enough to burn a hole through a garbage bag!!
- [Transistor / MOSFET tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/11/29/transistor-mosfet-tutorial/) - How to use an N channel MOSFET to turn anything on and off. Also, remember to put a 100k resistor between gate and ground if you want your FET to stay off by default!
- [How to protect circuits from reversed voltage polarity!](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2011/12/04/p-fet-reverse-voltage-polarity-protection-tutorial/) - This video shows different ways you can protect your circuit from backwards power connections. Diodes, schottky diodes and P channel MOSFETs are discussed.
- [Microcontroller on fire](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2013/01/09/microcontroller-on-fire/) - This PIC was rated for 3.3 volts. I gave it 16. Now I need new power leads.
- [Diodes melting](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2013/01/09/diodes-melting/) - I had some leftovers from the zener diode video. So I shoved 16V/12A through them.
- [Raspberry Pi "overclocking" failure](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2013/06/25/raspberry-pi-overclocking-failure/) - 12V lead acid batteries are useful for powering many things. But not Raspberry Pis.
- [H Bridge Motor Speed Controller Tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2014/12/20/h-bridge-motor-speed-controller-tutorial/) - An H bridge is a type of circuit that you can use to control the direction of electric motors. In this video I show you how an H bridge works and show you how to build one that can control the speed and direction of a brushed DC motor using PWM. Parts list: NE555 timer:
- [Class D Amplifier Tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2014/12/20/class-d-amplifier-tutorial/) - There are many different types of amplifiers. The most commonly used in audio are class A, AB and D. Class D amplifiers are inherently efficient reaching efficiencies >90%. This video shows you how class D amplifiers work, and how to build your own 2x15W stereo amplifier on a breadboard. Class D amp kit mentioned in
- [Switch mode power supply tutorial: DC-DC buck converters](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2014/12/20/switch-mode-power-supply-tutorial-dc-dc-buck-converters/) - Switch mode power supplies are a more efficient way to regulate voltage than linear regulators. In this video I explain buck converters, which are a type of switch mode power supply used to step down voltage. I also show you how to build a 5V 5A power supply using an LM2678. Parts list (Octopart) Schematic:
- [Adjustable switch mode power supply tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2014/12/21/adjustable-switch-mode-power-supply-tutorial/) - This video explains the purpose of feedback resistors in a buck converter circuit and shows you how to calculate them. Then I show you how to build a high current adjustable power supply using an LM2678 and a potentiometer. Parts list: LM2678T-ADJ: http://octopart.com/lm2678t-adjnopb-texas+instruments-15290279 Input electrolytic cap: http://octopart.com/eeu-fm1h221-ecg-208642 Output electrolytic cap: http://octopart.com/eeu-fr1c102b-panasonic-18987619 Input and output ceramic
- [DC-DC Boost converter tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2014/12/21/dc-dc-boost-converter-tutorial/) - In this tutorial I explain DC-DC boost converters - a type of circuit used to step up voltage in an efficient manner. Towards the end I show how to construct a 50 watt adjustable boost converter circuit. Parts list: LT1370HV: http://octopart.com/lt1370hvct7%23pbf-linear+technology-532702 Electrolytic capacitors: http://octopart.com/eeu-fm1h471-panasonic-208645 Input and output ceramic caps: http://octopart.com/partsearch#!?q=UMK325BJ106MM-T Schottky diode: http://octopart.com/stps5l60-stmicroelectronics-334357 10uH inductor:
- [Battery amp-hour, watt-hour and C rating tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2014/12/23/battery-amp-hour-watt-hour-and-c-rating-tutorial/) - You may have seen batteries with things like "2000mAh" written on them before. This refers to the capacity of the battery, i.e. how much juice it can hold. In this video I explain Ah (amp-hours), Wh (watt-hours) and C ratings of batteries.
- [How to choose a battery: A battery chemistry tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2014/12/23/how-to-choose-a-battery-a-battery-chemistry-tutorial/) - There are many different types of rechargeable battery chemistries out there. Li-Polymer, NiCd, NiMH, LiFePO4, lead acid and more. In the first half of this video I give a brief overview of the basic pros and cons of each type of rechargeable battery chemistry and help you choose a battery for your project. Then in
- [How to charge a LiPo battery with a power supply](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2014/12/23/how-to-charge-a-lipo-battery-with-a-power-supply/) - How to charge a single cell lithium ion or lithium polymer battery with an adjustable, current limiting bench power supply.
- [How an accelerometer works!](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2014/12/23/how-an-accelerometer-works/) - Have you ever wondered how your phone's tilt sensing function works? It uses a device called an accelerometer. In this video I explain some basic concepts of MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) and show you some MEMS dies under a microscope. Then I explain how these tiny structures can be used to sense acceleration. Accelerometer math
- [Keysight 3000T 1GHz Oscilloscope Review](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2015/06/25/keysight-3000t-1ghz-oscilloscope-review/) - Keysight sent me a fully loaded MSO-X 3104T touch screen mixed signal oscilloscope to review!
- [Hard Drive Speakers](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2015/06/25/hard-drive-speakers/) - You can turn old hard drives into speakers! I show you how.
- [Constant current source and laser / LED driver tutorial](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2015/06/25/constant-current-source-and-laser-led-driver-tutorial/) - An overview of constant current sources and how to build one out of an LM317. Examples are given where you can use a constant current source to drive a string of LEDs or a laser diode.
- [What is a schottky diode? A schottky diode tutorial.](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2015/06/25/what-is-a-schottky-diode-a-schottky-diode-tutorial/) - A tutorial covering the advantages and disadvantages of schottky diodes over regular silicon diodes including forward voltage, efficiency, leakage current and recovery time issues.
- [What is a zener diode? A zener diode tutorial.](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2015/06/25/what-is-a-zener-diode-a-zener-diode-tutorial/) - A tutorial on zener diodes and how to use them as voltage clamps, voltage regulators, and how to create audio distortion circuits.
- [How to build a simple laser tachometer](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2016/07/09/how-to-build-a-simple-laser-tachometer/) - Did you know you can use an LED as a light sensor? In this video I show you how to use this phenomenon to build a laser tachometer capable of measuring the RPM of mechanical devices.
- [Frequency Modulation tutorial and FM radio transmitter circuit](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2016/08/09/frequency-modulation-tutorial-and-fm-radio-transmitter-circuit/) - This video explains what frequency modulation (FM) is and shows a simple low powered FM radio transmitter circuit you can build. It has a range of about 20 meters. PCB Design files
- [Don't build this 12V DC to 120V AC inverter circuit](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2016/08/09/dont-build-this-12v-dc-to-120v-ac-inverter-circuit/) - A description of how a popular 12V DC to 120/240V AC inverter circuit works and its MANY limitations. Watch this video before you build inverter circuits you find online else you risk damaging your equipment!
- [Basic Electricity - What is voltage?](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2016/10/03/basic-electricity-what-is-voltage/) - What is voltage and what does it do? Learn about volts, coulombs, joules, power supplies and more in this video! Adjustable power supply
- [LED Basics](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2016/10/22/led-basics/) - A tutorial on the basics of using LEDs (light emitting diodes). Polarity, forward voltage and current are discussed. 300 LEDs for $13 500 resistors for $12 Adjustable power supply
- [Basic Electricity - Resistance and Ohm's law](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2016/11/09/basic-electricity-resistance-and-ohms-law/) - A tutorial on the basics of resistance, resistors, and Ohm's law which describes the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. I also show you how to build a simple resistor + LED circuit. 300 LEDs for $13 500 resistors for $12 9V battery clips Adjustable power supply Ohmnilabs
- [Basic Electricity - Power and watts](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2016/11/30/basic-electricity-power-and-watts/) - A tutorial on electrical power and watts. A practical example of light bulb power measurement is shown as well as a demo how to calculate appropriate resistor sizes.
- [How to make a simple 1 watt audio amplifier (LM386 based)](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2017/01/17/how-to-make-a-simple-1-watt-audio-amplifier-lm386-based/) - A tutorial on how to use the popular LM386 class AB audio amplifier IC to build a simple mono 1 watt audio amplifier. It costs less than $3 in parts! There is also a brief discussion of how to use high pass filters to prevent op-amp oscillation and subsequent noise. Sponsored by The Great Courses
- [You can learn Arduino in 15 minutes](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2017/03/17/you-can-learn-arudino-in-15-minutes/) - The ultimate Arduino microcontroller tutorial for beginners. Learn what Arduino is, how to choose an Arduino, then build a simple data logger, LED dimmer and motor speed controller. Sponsored by Audible - Get a free 30 day trial & download one free title Example UNO kit Example UNO robot kit
- [Siglent SSA3032X Spectrum Analyzer Review & Experiments](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2017/04/01/siglent-ssa3032x-spectrum-analyzer-review-experiments/) - Afroman reviews Siglent's SSA3000X series spectrum analyzer and all the options. There is some info about RF measurements for beginners and some usage experiments are also performed. Firmware version 1.2.8.2. ==========TABLE OF CONTENTS======== 0:00 Intro 0:33 Unboxing and discussion of inputs 1:24 Screen 1:59 Build quality, fan noise, user interface 5:35 AM and FM demodulation
- [Fun with 1.1GHz Potato chips](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2017/04/30/fun-with-1-1ghz-potato-chips/) - I built a ring oscillator using a 1.125GHz 74 series logic inverter IC from Potato Semiconductor. It was fun.
- [Arduino and Servos: How to Make a Laser Turret with XOD](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2017/12/30/arduino-and-servos-how-to-make-a-laser-turret-with-xod/) - A tutorial on what servos are, how they work, and how to use them. Then I build a laser turret using a pan-tilt servo kit and an Arduino Uno. The Arduino is programmed with XOD, a free visual programming language. Download XOD Another XOD tutorial Hitec HS-311 servo Sub-micro servo pack Laser diodes Pan-tilt servo
- [Siglent SDG6000X Arbitrary Waveform Generator Review](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2018/03/17/siglent-sdg6000x-arbitrary-waveform-generator-review/) - A review of Siglent's SDG6052X 500MHz arbitrary waveform generator with the I/Q upgrade.
- [Why electrolytic capacitors are actually kinda shitty 💩](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/2018/03/17/why-electrolytic-capacitors-are-actually-kinda-shitty-💩/) - Electrolytic capacitors are common, but knowledge of their limitations is uncommon. A demonstration is shown highlighting the difference in performance between electrolytic and ceramic capacitors in power supplies. Other topics discussed in the video: Electrolytic capacitor construction, ceramic capacitors, ESR, ESL, impedance curves, why "0.1uF", and more.

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- [Tutorial videos](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/category/tutorials/)
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- [Reviews](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/category/reviews/)
- [Random Fun](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/category/random-fun/)

## Tags

- [oscilloscopes](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/oscilloscopes/)
- [amplifiers](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/amplifiers/)
- [diodes](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/diodes/)
- [transistors](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/transistors/)
- [transformers](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/transformers/)
- [current source](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/current-source/)
- [constant current source](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/constant-current-source/)
- [constant current](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/constant-current/)
- [laser driver](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/laser-driver/)
- [LED driver](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/led-driver/)
- [LM317](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/lm317/)
- [zener diode](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/zener-diode/)
- [voltage clamp](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/voltage-clamp/)
- [circuit protection](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/circuit-protection/)
- [voltage regulation](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/voltage-regulation/)
- [schottky diode](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/schottky-diode/)
- [power electronics](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/power-electronics/)
- [hard drive speaker](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/hard-drive-speaker/)
- [hard disk speaker](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/hard-disk-speaker/)
- [audio](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/audio/)
- [Keysight](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/keysight/)
- [Agilent](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/agilent/)
- [reviews](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/reviews/)
- [fire and explosions](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/fire-and-explosions/)
- [accelerometer](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/accelerometer/)
- [MEMS](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/mems/)
- [microscopic](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/microscopic/)
- [batteries](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/batteries/)
- [LiPo](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/lipo/)
- [lithium polymer](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/lithium-polymer/)
- [battery charging](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/battery-charging/)
- [NiMH](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/nimh/)
- [NiCd](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/nicd/)
- [Ah](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/ah/)
- [Amp-hour](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/amp-hour/)
- [Watt-hour](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/watt-hour/)
- [Wh](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/wh/)
- [C rating](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/c-rating/)
- [battery capacity](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/battery-capacity/)
- [Boost converter](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/boost-converter/)
- [Buck converter](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/buck-converter/)
- [robotics](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/robotics/)
- [motor control](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/motor-control/)
- [H bridge](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/h-bridge/)
- [class D](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/class-d/)
- [MOSFET](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/mosfet/)
- [photography](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/photography/)
- [LEDs](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/leds/)
- [Saelig](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/saelig/)
- [OWON](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/owon/)
- [Basic electricity](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/basic-electricity/)
- [amps](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/amps/)
- [ampere](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/ampere/)
- [alkaline](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/alkaline/)
- [cat](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/cat/)
- [PWM](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/pwm/)
- [art](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/art/)
- [hand cranked](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/hand-cranked/)
- [generator](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/generator/)
- [capacitors](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/capacitors/)
- [ultracapacitors](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/ultracapacitors/)
- [safety](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/safety/)
- [4 wire measurement](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/4-wire-measurement/)
- [kelvin resistance measurement](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/kelvin-resistance-measurement/)
- [resistance](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/resistance/)
- [multimeters](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/multimeters/)
- [radio electronics](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/radio-electronics/)
- [RF](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/rf/)
- [Amplitude Modulation](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/amplitude-modulation/)
- [radio transmitter](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/radio-transmitter/)
- [peak detector](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/peak-detector/)
- [op amp](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/op-amp/)
- [operational amplifier](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/operational-amplifier/)
- [comparator](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/comparator/)
- [inductors](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/inductors/)
- [passive filters](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/passive-filters/)
- [LTSpice](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/ltspice/)
- [simulation](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/simulation/)
- [oscillators](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/oscillators/)
- [photoresistor](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/photoresistor/)
- [laser](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/laser/)
- [voltage divider](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/voltage-divider/)
- [repair](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/repair/)
- [function generator](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/function-generator/)
- [arbitrary waveform generator](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/arbitrary-waveform-generator/)
- [voltage](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/voltage/)
- [inverter](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/inverter/)
- [DC to AC](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/dc-to-ac/)
- [modulation](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/modulation/)
- [Frequency modulation](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/frequency-modulation/)
- [laser diode](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/laser-diode/)
- [tachometer](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/tachometer/)
- [RPM](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/rpm/)
- [opamp](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/opamp/)
- [four wire measurement](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/four-wire-measurement/)
- [volt](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/volt/)
- [joule](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/joule/)
- [coulomb](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/coulomb/)
- [volts](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/volts/)
- [LED](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/led/)
- [resistor](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/resistor/)
- [Ohm's law](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/ohms-law/)
- [watts](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/watts/)
- [power](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/power/)
- [LM386](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/lm386/)
- [operational amplifiers](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/operational-amplifiers/)
- [arduino](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/arduino/)
- [microcontroller](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/microcontroller/)
- [programming](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/programming/)
- [radio frequency](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/radio-frequency/)
- [spectrum analyzer](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/spectrum-analyzer/)
- [review](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/review/)
- [oscillator](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/oscillator/)
- [ring oscillator](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/ring-oscillator/)
- [potato](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/potato/)
- [servos](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/servos/)
- [XOD](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/xod/)
- [servo](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/servo/)
- [Siglent](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/siglent/)
- [AWG](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/awg/)
- [wave generator](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/wave-generator/)
- [SDG6000X](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/sdg6000x/)
- [ESR](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/esr/)
- [ESL](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/esl/)
- [capacitor](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/capacitor/)
- [ceramic](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/ceramic/)
- [electrolytic](https://afrotechmods.com/tutorials/tag/electrolytic/)